Hipposideros diadema Roundleaf Bat Skull Mammalia Chiroptera Hipposideridae

Diadem Roundleaf Bat Skull Hipposideros diadema cm 3-3.5 Mammalia Chiroptera Hipposideridae, complete of mandible, as in photos.
Family: Hipposideridae.
Common name: Diadem Roundleaf Bat or Diadem Leaf-Nosed Bat.
Syn. Rhynolophus diadema.

Hipposideros diadema (E.Geoffroy, 1813) is a bat (Chiroptera Order, Suborder Microchiroptera) of Hipposideridae family spread from southeast Sulawesi and the Philippines through the Moluccas and New Guinea to the north-eastern Australia and the Solomon Islands.
It 'a large bat, up to 98 mm, with a wingspan up to 45 cm and weighing up to 53 grams.
The ears are large, triangular. Like all bats, hunting for echolocation, emitting ultrasonic high work cycle in the form of average duration pulses at a constant frequency.
Takes refuge during the day in caves, mines, tunnels, abandoned buildings and hollows where numerous colonies shaped trees, especially nurseries, up to 8,000 females and their young. The males tend to be solitary or form small groups. During cold periods enter into a state of torpor in which reduces its metabolism by about 30%, although the body temperature remains mostly constant. The traveling up to 10 km for food and can also fly during rainfall reading.
It feeds on large insects such as beetles, moths and even ants. Use dell'appostamento technique on a tree trunk, where it scans the surrounding environment through ultrasound in search of prey, which after being captured in flight, among the vegetation or on the ground, are devoured again on the roost.
They give birth to a little at a time per year, more rarely a pair. He lives in primary and secondary rain forests, woods, gardens and plantations of up to 1,300 meters above sea level.

Chiroptera (Blumenbach, 1779) is an order of placental mammals commonly known as bats. It is the second largest group of mammals after rodents, comprising about 20% of the described species.
The scientific term Chiroptera derives from the two Greek words χείρ chéir, "mano" and πτερόν pterón, "wing", with a clear allusion to the peculiarity of the upper limb. The two suborders have the micro- and macro- prefixes respectively to highlight the difference in size between the two groups, although the largest micro-beetles are much larger than the smaller Macrochiroptera.
The only mammals able to fly and perform complex maneuvers in the air belong to the order of Chiroptera. The smallest species, the bumblebee bat does not weigh more than 2 grams and is considered, together with the Etruscan mustiol, the smallest mammal in the world, while the largest are some species of the genus Pteropus and Acerodon, which reach a weight of about 1 , 6 kg and a wingspan of up to 1.8 meters.
The wings developed from the substantial modification of the upper limb, where the forearm and, even more, the metacarpal bones and the phalanges of the hand suffered a disproportionate elongation. The fingers are joined together by a vascularized skin membrane, called patagio, which extends to the sides of the body and lower limbs. In most species there is an additional membrane between the legs, which can sometimes incorporate the tail. The wing proportions vary considerably between the different species and can be long and narrow in bats that need great autonomy, or short and wide in those that are used to perform rapid maneuvers and with sudden changes of direction, especially in dense vegetation or in presence of obstacles very close together.
Speeds varying between 16 km / h and 165 km / h have been recorded (the highest ever recorded in horizontal flight among all flying animals).
The body is generally covered with a thick fur. The head can take on a remarkable variety of forms, mainly associated with eating habits and methods of obtaining food. It can be short and wide or narrow and elongated. The ears are large, sometimes exceptionally huge, and have the function in the Microchiroptera to collect the reflected sound waves emitted by the animals themselves for echolocation. The eyes vary greatly in size, being almost atrophied in the Microchiroptera, while they are large in the Pteropodids, also skilled in color vision. In most species there is a fleshy nose on the nose, called the nasal leaf, which has the function of regulating and directing the beam of sound waves emitted by the animal through the nose or mouth.